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Similar to how an EKG measures the electrical activity of the heart, BAER measures the electrical activity in the cochlea and auditory pathways in the brain. The gold standard for testing the ability to hear in dogs is the Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER) test. Other dogs who are able to hear may not respond in a testing environment because they are anxious, or may stop responding when they are no longer interested in the stimulus. Some dogs may be deaf in only one ear and able to compensate without too much difficulty, or they may have only partial hearing loss, both of which are difficult to detect with behavior alone. Dogs, especially if they are part of a group, such as a litter of puppies, are able to pick up on cues from their pack members and respond as if they were able to hear. It is generally difficult to determine deafness in a dog based on behavior. The exact cause of the blood supply degeneration is not known, but is believed to be linked to the lack of pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) in the blood vessels. The deafness found in these dogs is generally due to degeneration of the blood supply to the cochlea, which in turn leads to the death of the nerve cells of the cochlea, resulting in permanent deafness. Dogs with patches of white and dogs with both copies of the merle coat color gene (“double merle”) also have an increased risk of congenital deafness. Dalmatians have a particularly high risk of deafness, especially if the dog has blue eyes. However, some breeds are more likely to be born deaf, and within those breeds, particular coat or eye colors are associated with an increased risk of congenital deafness.
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The inner ear contains the cochlea and the semicircular canals. The eardrum vibrates in response to sound waves and transmits those waves to the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, which amplifies and transmits the mechanical sound waves to the inner ear. This allows air to enter the middle ear and equalize the air pressure on either side of the eardrum. The eustachian tube is a small tube that connects to the back of the throat. The tympanic cavity is a small air-filled cavity behind the eardrum that holds 3 tiny bones: the hammer, anvil, and stirrup.
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The middle ear includes the eardrum, the tympanic cavity, and the eustachian tube. The pinna is shaped to capture sound and funnel it into the ear canal and thereby to the eardrum.
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The pinna is the part of the ear that you readily see, and is made of cartilage and covered by skin and fur. The outer ear includes the pinna and the ear canal. The ear itself has three parts: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. When discussing the different ways deafness may occur, it can be helpful to understand normal ear structure and function. Deafness in dogs may be congenital (present at birth) or acquired as a result of infection or degeneration of the cochlea (the organ of hearing).